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ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL 
MONOGRAPHS 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 
UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


VOLUME VIII 


Urbana, Illinois 


1923 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 


STEPHEN ALFRED FORBES WILLIAM TRELEASE 


HENRY BALDWIN WARD 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


2 VOLUME VIII 

ia 

H NUMBERS PAGES 
Me 1. The head-capsule of Coleoptera. By F. S. Stickney. With 26 plates.... 1-104 
x3 2. Comparative studies on certain features of Nematodes and their sig- 

= nificance. By D. C. Hetherington. With 4 plates................. 105-166 
“a 

nee 


Parasitic fungi from British Guiana and Trinidad. By F. L. Stevens. 
With 19 plates 


4. The external Morphology and Postembryology of Noctuid Larvae. By 
L. B. Ripley. With 8 plates 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL 
MONOGRAPHS 


Vol. VIII July, 1923 No. 3 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 


STEPHEN ALFRED FORBES WILLIAM TRELEASE 


HENRY BALDWIN WARD 


PUBLISHED UNDER THE 
AUSPICES OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL BY 
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


CIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
GOLLEGE OF MEDICINE 


Copyricat, 1924 py THE UNIVERSITY oF ILLINOIS 
DISTRIBUTED JULY, 1924 


PARASITIC FUNGI FROM BRITISH 
GUIANA AND TRINIDAD 


WITH NINETEEN PLATES AND A MAP IN THE TEXT 


BY 
FRANK LINCOLN STEVENS 


Contribution from the 
Botanical Laboratories of the University of Ilinvis 


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TABLE OF CONTENTS 


PRETSCITIGUION CE ECM e ain eke tc ert a rel ttatn attra Sroeim ee ate Satis Waa ea teulala a tate alOn sia BA) Ble s Me 
IMBC AIA A Ciaran Canina dacs Re ata cabal ME yO klk a Win lalc, hb alas Weumeugaye wrawie Ream & 
AMATITNMEAC ime ciee ciate fuels ty nse tlk PA Ar Net ghd or Mita CaP TE A tate AU 

MaRS METERS EE GUNUOID 9) 500), ACA tA sks MON OO ele ah ene sbtitc 5 aip.ca, lode G'alod, Weise mn ANe 
MarR ET OE Ete Me et Mr uae ft Se Myctebylogcharaie atc uaial eit at eA lth ata ct ata crcl che lell utati ay re UMS at 


EE ESSE Ved ee Srkepae hae sO ee aise ae is Lote os ie we ale steals 

ce ae us Egy Ue Od eae eR ee A gh 
armas ie) SR ee Bs panes AIRE ens & aicitets ait am Sly eddies @ Meant 
MEARE rye hc Sh OU Ar a ak Sinead is ho keh All 5 oF ese Slee ied i SIG de 

SUN MNCAME Mi 5 28 ot caida Np Ants, MMM GEA SRV aL IL Gide vice 4 poe. wd we WMO Roa 
RPT REY Nc cyst (A Mea hore A at ba leas Git dial a eiitia vial shginiwranahel ie moat din nel eaten ele 
eR eee Merete kta Ae eae a ee ns teller ss oe le te ke akan yaniea os 
POLE SS gO MIME SSI sg Oana PGT 2 eS OA ee 


PRE WETNESS TEC eee fA Mace cat os « va ONY ce beam eee 

II AE MEE RBA fee tT ah A CAN cl ct RP EME cd as OG baa arn lelialh leva dale 
TS OE I ap er Orn eae Cob dare fer hs, A 

PS PAREMO ETRE IN 22 3 ed. cfr cas otis or cates cS era ee TURIN oe 8 a a dW gla 6.44 was 
WL ts eRe ee ae oie Be a a 0/6? Tae Doe gi, rr ea 
Eu-Montagnelleae. . Be Ci 8s Gri RPE E 9 LIE: tag coe 
Smee AA Ee TMPETI Mo a. se ee 2S Sis aiid ancrs beet w ek x dace digle aerate 

i RAPE EMER Fe 5. en a PE rcs cobs RE nis SPIO Plaraid gpaM ai ME vice > ea ue a 
PETES SRSA ee ES eS Teil 8 LGN aR RRA? 106 Pa: AAS Er, 
(APIS 0 Ca oe 20 Pa Se: ed ca age gl Se Snes 
SRI aa a Pier ees) cake Ms, ce SRN PR choccy “che nbs ee 8h ENG, Kfar OB 
mice onbareeNCray . See yak Me Bok eM vice abhwaled ste ldions Dalits aba d bc edee 

op EES ee SP nas ties ney” OP LP) eR A Pana ee SER SREP SSO 

Rt gree re MMIC ATARI 2 ea aetna ate ee re gate D sen, oc bag MES Mau a «wither d veatieredhe ale 

a Te EERE serene haa &, aie pee Micke Ma ham wie os MO Fee ein 4 ye ean eee an 
MMAR Necrale Ais 00s ashe A eR eR PID ley! coche alata ives AML ve Bp-d Ay ait es Bikey Al 


VE COD aways ctl. MG lavetaly situs sichaye eeeterctta tit Oty. (SATS aM (ae tokio Setar dla ane eve 
pte EMME EAEEMBICEICC EIR e823 ee SRE ea HN Lorena <Ilicey hehehe d GOWN wid dak wade 
POTS SSS NSE SC. ee Ee De gee NL PTA LOE, C1 laa eee ROOT ERIS OR GS 
LTE Te ge AAG OG IIR TAG Set Ven ne TURE Be AOR AE aL Se RO RRR pan 
Polystomellopsis... 22.0.6. 0.0. os « dil am 
UDELL STU aie ER SO ta GaN ee Oa ac A LOT RUN 
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173] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS | 7 


INTRODUCTION 


The notes and descriptions presented herewith are based upon collec- 
tions of parasitic fungi made by the author mainly in the jungle of British 
Guiana, during the summer of 1922. The collections are in no sense com- 
prehensive since the period of time was brief and travel in the interior of 
the country was difficult and tedious which resulted only in a sampling of 
a small part of a very interesting territory. The collections were made 
from five centers in British Guiana; Georgetown, the Demerara-Essequibo 
railroad, Coverden, Tumatumari and Kartabo. 


3 


v 


ee 


e 
? 


The region of Georgetown and extending for many miles inland is flat, 
but a few feet above sea level, and of rather monotonous flora including 
many grasses and littoral plants, with trees bordering the rivers. 

The Demerara-Essequibo railroad, 1814 miles long, extending from 
Wismar, which is 65 mi. inland on the Demerara river, to Rockstone on 
the Essequibo crosses a sandy upland from which the occa forest has 
been cut, but which gives considerable diversification of flora. Especially 
at Wismar and at Rockstone where the sand hill flora merges wien that of 
the river bank is the collecting excellent. - 


8 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [174 


Coverden on the bank of the Demerara about 20 mi. from the sea gives 
a few isolated sand hills covered with the original forest growth of great 
diversification which differs essentially from that found elsewhere. 

Tumatumari on the Potaro River about 150 mi. inland is in the foot- 
hills surrounded by tropical jungle which may be traversed for many miles 
on foot by way of cut trails. 

Kartabo, the temporary location of Dr. Beebe’s laboratory, on the 
point formed by the junction of the Mazaruni and the Cayuni rivers, and 
only a few miles from the junction of the Essequibo is also in primitive 
jungle. All of these localities, except that of Georgetown, are without 
apparent influence of man on the flora, and its wilderness is evidenced by the 
sight at any moment of tapirs, peccaries, monkeys, deer, ant eaters, or 
possibly a boa constrictor. 

The itinerary included also a few days collecting in Trinidad confined 
chiefly to the immediate vicinity of the Port of Spain, St. Augustine, 
Cumuto and The Long Stretch. 

Practically no collections or records have previously been made of the 
parasitic fungi of British Guiana. Though my collections can be regarded 
only as a mere sampling they reveal a very rich fungous flora, especially 
rich in the Dothideales, Sooty Molds, Microthyriaceae and with a con- 
siderable abundance of rusts. ‘The smuts are very scarce and the imperfect 
fungi, Phyllosticta, Cercospora, etc., are apparently less common than in 
the temperate region. 

The summer’s collection consisted of approximately a thousandnumbers, 
only certain families of which are reported in this paper; the genus Meliola, 
the Microthyriaceae, most of the Hemisphaeriaceae, the Trichopeltaceae 
being reserved. The slides, notes, original drawings and specimens on which 
these studies are based are deposited in the herbarium of the University of 
Illinois and duplicate specimens in the New York Botanical Garden. The 
photographs reproduced in the plates were made by A. G. Eldredge; the 
line drawings by L. R. Tehon. 

The arrangement and classification of the Dothideales followed in this 
article is adapted from that of Theissen and Sydow! and, in so far as con- 
cerns the genera herein reported, is shown in the table of contents. 

The following is a list of the field numbers with places and dates of 
collection. 


TRINIDAD Date 
Nos. 1 to 8 Port of Spain June 28 
BRITISH GUIANA 
Nos.9 -18 Georgetown July 2 


1 Theissen, F. and Sydow, H., Die Dothideales. Ann. Myc., 13:149-746, 1915, and 
Synoptische Tafeln., Ann. Myc., 15:389, 1917. 


175] 


Nos. 18 —22 
Nos. 22 -30 
Nos. 30 -69 
Nos. 69 —105 
Nos. 105-154 
Nos. 154-215 
Nos. 215-248 
Nos. 248-262 
Nos. 262-329 
Nos. 329-418 
Nos. 418-444 
Nos. 444-495 
Nos. 495-520 
Nos. 520-575 
Nos. 575-642 
Nos. 642-681 
Nos. 681-684 
Nos. 684—707 
Nos. 707-719 
NoS. 719-720 
Nos. 720-746 
Nos. 746-758 
No. 758 

Nos. 759-819 


TRINIDAD 
Nos. 819-821 
Nos. 821-848 
Nos. 848-856 
Nos. 856-875 
Nos. 875-901 
Nos. 901-969 
No. 969 
No. 970 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


Georgetown 
Peters Hall 
Tumatumari 
Tumatumari 
Tumatumari 
Tumatumari 
Tumatumari 
Rockstone 
Wismar 
Demerara-Rockstone R. R. 
Rockstone 
Rockstone 
Kartabo 
Kartabo 
Kartabo 
Kartabo 

Penal Settlement 


Botanical Garden, Georgetown 


Georgetown, Lemada Canal 
Vreden Hoor 

Coverden 

Coverden 

Georgetown 

Coverden 


Port of Spain 
St. Augustine 
Long Stretch 
Port of Spain 
St. Clair 
Cumuto 
Guanapo 
Port of Spain 


July 4 
July 5 
July 8 
July 9 
July 10 
July 11 
July 12 
July 13 
July 14 
July 15 
July 16 
July 17 
July 21 
July 22 
July 23 
July 24 
July 25 
July 31 
August 2 
August 1 
August 4 
August 5 
August 6 
August 8 


August 12 
August 13 
August 13 
August 14 
August 15 
August 16 
August 16 
August 26 


10 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [176 


POLYSTOMELLACEAE 
; PARMULINEAE . 
HystTEROSTOMINA THEISS. AND SYD. 
Ann. Myc., 13:228, 1915 i 


1. HysTEROSTOMINA PALMAE Stevens 0. sp. 


[Figures 1 to 4] 

Spots discolored, yellowed, showing from both leaf sides, bordering the 
stromata by a band several millimeters wide. Stromata radiate, epiphyl- 
lous, roughly circular, nearly entire, black, 2 to 4 mm. jn diameter, 
superficial, but firmly attached. No free mycelium. Hypothecium well de- 
veloped, extending deep into the mesophyll, brown, attached to the strom- 
ata by the whole of its base. Perithecia linear, irregularly arranged, 460 
in length, about 180u wide, 110 to 145u deep. Cleft 70 to 90 wide, covering 
layer 18 to 25p thick. Asci 8-spored, numerous; spores dark, 1-septate, 
18 to 21 x 7, one cell darker and slightly larger than the other. Asci 
43 to 45 x 18u, thickened at the apex. Paraphyses numerous, filiform. 

On Palm. 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 12, 1922, 199. 


DOTHIDEACEAE 
COCCOIDEAE 
Coccostromopsis Plunkett n. gen. 


Stroma prosenchymatic, without a definite covering layer, centrally 
attached, dothideoid: Loculi immersed, oval to spherical, equally dis- 
tributed; asci clavate, 8-spored, paraphysate; spores continuous, elliptical, 
hyaline. re . 

2. CocCOSTROMOPSIS PALMIGENA Plunkett n. sp. 


[Figures 5, 6] 

Stroma superficial, raised in irregular tubercles, brownish black, formed 
of perpendicular hyphae and attached by a central foot which penetrates 
into the mesophyll. Loculi sunken, oval to spherical, ostiolate, large, 
250 to 400u in diameter, without a wall; asci clavate, slightly stalked, 
8-spored, arising basally and laterally in the loculi; 72 to 90; x 14 
to 18u; paraphyses hyaline, thin, filiform, 50 to 100 x 1.5 to 24; spores 
continuous, elliptical, hyaline, granular, inordinate, 18 to 21 x 5 to 7p. 


MNIVERSHY OF ILLINOIS 


MLEGE OF MEDICINE: 
177] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS Seo {pees 


‘On leaves of palm, species indet. 

Trinidad: Cumuto, August 16, 1922, 1001. 

The genus Coccostrompopsis differs from Coccostroma by having para- 
physes; and from Auerswaldiella by having hyaline spores. The species 
described is somewhat similar to Coccostroma palmigenum (Berk. and Curt.), 
Theissen and Sydow? except for the presence of paraphyses. In the de- 
scription of Botryosphaeria palmigena Berk. and Curt. cited by Theissen 
and Sydow was a synonym of Coccostroma palmigenum, paraphyses are de- 
scribed as being present. If this is true that fungus should not have been 
placed in the genus Coccostroma. The present species differs ftom that 
described as Botryosphaeria palmigena Berk. and Curt. in the size of spores 
and asci and in the absence of 4 and 6- spored asci. The presence of the 
paraphyses prevents the present species from being placed in Coccostroma 
and the hyaline spores keep it out of Auerswaldiella. I am inclined to 
believe that the material is not the same as that described as Coccostroma 
palmigenum (Berk. and Curt.) Theiss. and Syd. and, therefore, erect the 
new genus Coccostromopsis. 


NOWELLIA Stevens n. gen. 


Stroma Dothideaceous, superficial, centrally fastened to the hypostroma. 
Perithecia globular on the stroma. Asci with numerous paraphyses. 
Spores hyaline, 1-septate. Named in honor of W. Nowell of Trinidad in 
recognition of his researches on fungi. 


3. NOWELLIA GUIANENSIS Stevens n. sp. 
[Figures 7 to 14, 93.] 

Superficial subiculum flat, thin, irregularly but distinctly radiate, with- 
out free mycelium, margin erose, 1to 3 mm., sometimes larger, in diameter, 
amphigenous but more abundant below. Stroma thick, centrally fastened 
to the hypostroma. Perithecia about 460u high and almost equal diameter, 
globular, surface smooth or slightly rough, astomous and irregularly cracked, 
few (3 to 10) to many (100) on one subicle. Asci 90 to 100 x 11y, clavate. 
Paraphyses numerous, filiform, gelatinous. Spores hyaline, 1-septate, en- 
closed in a gelatinous envelope, 22 x 55u exclusive of the gelatinous en- 
velope, thickest in the middle and tapering slightly toward the ends. 

On unknown plant of the Celastraceae. 

British Guiana: Demerara-Essequibo R. R., July 15, 1922, 357. 

Study of this fungus of different ages shows that the hypostroma first 
develops quite extensively in the palisade and mesophyll, then breaks 
through the cuticle and grows outward forming a thin, flat, smooth, 
approximately circular disk of truly radiate, i. e. Microthyriaceous char- 
acter. The edge of the subicular disk is quite unevenly erose (Figure 10) 


2 Ann. Myc., 13:272. 1. c, 


12 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [178 


but central parts are regularly radiate. At first this disk is devoid of per- 
ithecia but they soon develop, one or two, later more as the subicle en- 
larges. Thus old colonies by both coalescence and enlargement may have 
well over a hundred perithecia and measure nearly a centimeter in diameter. 
As the perithecia develop the subicle under them thickens to true stromatic 
character, 80 to 150u thick. (Figure 14) In large colonies the radiate 
subicle enlarges to present a margin about a millimeter wide around the 
colony. In certain old colonies the radiate subicle is not in evidence due 
to the fact that it flakes off. The central foot is 80 to 90p thick and 150u 
long and is composed of cells of different shape, arrangement and staining 
reaction than that of the other cells of the stroma i. e. they are arranged 
parallel, lengthwise of the axis of the foot, and under Pianese stain are red, 
while the other stroma cells are irregularly arranged or preponderantly at 
right angles to the axis of the foot and do not stain as above stated (Figures 
7,11.) The wall surrounding the locules is black,about 36 thick and is 
lined by a hyaline layer also about 36y thick from which, in the basal por- 
tion, the asci arise (Figure 12). Frequently a large stroma is found attached 
to the hypostroma by several feet (Figure 14). Such may be regarded as 
composites of several individuals each with a central foot, rather than as 
one individual with many places of attachment. 

The locules, stroma, foot, and hypostroma are typically Dothideaceous 
in character; the flat radiate subicle is typically Microthyriaceous. Dis- 
regarding the radiate subicle the fungus falls readily within the Dothideaceae 
and the centrally fastened stroma places it as typically of the Coccoideae 
and in rather close agreement with the genus Microcyclus. 

Taking cognizance of the radiate, subicle, and attempting to place the 
fungus in the Microthyriaceae, it shows nearest relationship to the Poly- 
stomelleae with no genus of which does it agree. In the Meliolineae one 
is reminded of Actinodothis by the radiation and by the stromata but our 
fungus differs much from this genus in spores and mycelium. 

The fungus thus shows kinship with the three groups and appears to be 
most closely related to the Dothideaceae in which family I place it. It 
evidently represents a transition form between the Microthyriaceae and 
the Dothids. The course of evolution appears to me probably to have been 
somewhat as follows: A primitive Microthyriaceous fungus with haustoria 
reaching into the epidermis developed an extensive hypostroma connected 
with the superficial mycelium at one central point. The habit of forming 
a radiating disk around the point of central fastening then appeared. So 
far in its history the fungus was Microthyriaceous. Now begins the evolu- 
tion of the stroma by thickening of the central region of the radiate disk and 
the fungus becomes Dothideaceous. As the stroma-habit developed the 
radiate habit of the Microthyriaceae appears to have regressed as is evi- 
denced by the irregularity of the radiation in the present form and by the 


179| PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 13 


very slight development of the radiate subicle in proportion to the size of 
the colony. Perhaps its entire suppression resulted in some instances. 


LEVEILLELLEAE 
LEVEILLINOPSIS Stevens n. gen. 


Stromata prosenchymatous, of parallel hyphae, superficial from a 
hypostroma within the mesophyll, attached by the whole basal portion. 
Spores 1-celled hyaline. 


4 LEVEILLINOPSIS PALMICOLA Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 15, 16) 

Stromata usually located in rows on the major or minor veins, amphig- 
enous, adjacent region of the leaf diseased or dead. Spots often 1 to 2 cm. 
wide, 10 to 15cm. long and of ashen color. Stromata about 1 mm. high and 
wide, irregularly shaped. Hypostroma of but slightly greater extent than 
the stromata, filling the epidermis, palisade cells and much of the mesophyll. 
Loculi few, large, 234 to 312 x 187 to 234u. Asci 8-spored, 56 to 74 x 10 to 
14, biserate. Spores elliptical, hyaline, obtuse, 14 x 17 uw, nonseptate, 
paraphyses filamentous, equal to length of asci or half again as long. 

Of unknown species of palm. 

British Guiana: Kartabo, July 24, 1922, 674. 

This fungus is strictly Dothideaceous in character and clearly belongs 
to the Leveillelleae as given by Theissen and Sydow. A new genus is 
established for it since no genus of that group is given with 1-celled spores. 
The hypostroma is distinctly disease producing and large areas of the in- 
volved tissue are killed. 


DOTHIDEAE 
Bacnisiopsis Theiss. and Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 13:291, 1915. 


5. BAGNISIOPSIS PERIBEBUYENSIS (Speg.) Theiss and Syd. 


Phyllachora peribebuyensis Speg., F. Guar. 
Phyllachora gibbosa Winter, Revue Myc., 7:207, 1885; 
Phyllachora sellowii P. Henn. Engl. bot. Jahrb., 17:525, 1883; 
Phyllachora peribebuyensis Speg. var. bullosa Rehm: Hedw., 
36: 358, 1897. 
On unknown plant of the Melastomataceae. 
British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 12, 1922, 223, 972. 
This fungus appears, from the numerous collections and many refer- 
ences in literature, to be very widespread. In Stevens’ Porto Rican collec- 
tions it is represented by many numbers.? Notwithstanding these facts 


’ Garman, P. Some Porto Rican Parasitic Fungi. Myc., 7:337, 1915. 


14 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [180 


ascigerous material is found only once in Stevens’ Trinidad or Guiana 
material, specimen No. 972. Specimen No. 223 has the general appearance 
of Bagnisiopsis peribebuyensis and in section the structure of the stroma 
agrees with that species. No asci, however, are found in any of the stromata, 
but instead, numerous cavities bearing filiform conidia are found. Similar 
conidia are in specimen No. 972. Search through literature has failed to 
reveal to us any evidences of previous mention of a conidial stage of this 
fungus. The presence of asci in the same stromata with the conidia is 
sufficient to establish the identity of this conidial form with Bagnisiopsts 
peribebuyensis and we therefore describe the conidial stage of it as follows: 

Stroma as described for B. peribebuyensis.t Conidial locules 0.05 to 0.15 
mm. in diameter. Conidia colorless, crooked, filiform, 21 to 29 x 1 to 
ine 

AMERODOTHIS Theiss. and Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 13; 295, 1915. 


6. AMERODOTHIS GUIANENSIS Stevens Nn. sp. 


[Figures 17 to 19, 90.] 

Spot irregular, pale, mycelium within the veins and producing loose 
stromata within the cortex which later become erumpent, superficial por- 
tion brown to black and of Dothideoid character. Stromata on the veins 
solitary or scattered, amphigenous, black, bearing few to several locules. 
Locules, ostiolate, papillate, 90 to 170u in diameter. Asci 61 to 94 x cf 
clavate, aparaphysate, spores 21 to 65 x 2y, hyaline, filiform, continous, 
straight or slightly crooked, with a small knob at each end. 

On unknown legume. 

British Guiana: Rockstone, July 16, 1922, 424. 

The spot is very variable in size and shape consisting of pale to yellow 
regions between the affected veins, often 2 cm. or more in extent. Re- 
cently affected veins are without stromata but are slightly discolored 
due to the mycelium within, and the adjacent parts of the lamina 
are pale and sickly. In older portions the stromata are crowded, in younger 
parts they occur singly. While the erumpent stromata are often clearly 
Dothideoid, i. e. of palisade cell arrangement and erumpent, this character 
is not so pronounced as is often the case, indeed at times the cell arrange- 
ment is quite irregular. Still it appears to me that the fungus should be 
placed in the Dothideae where it comes nearest to Amerodothis in which 
genus I place it. Four species are given by Theissen and Sydow all of 
which are very different from mine in spore dimensions and shape and 
especially do they disagree with the spores of my species as regards the 
knobbed ends. Each locule is surrounded by a definite wall and in young 


4 Ann. Myc., 13:292, 1915. 
5 Notes and description by Stevens and Manter. 


181] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 15 


specimens the stroma is but little developed; the fungus then appears to 
belong in the Sphaeriaceae. No genus in the Sphaeriaceae presents char- 
acters showing affinity with it. The grouping of the stromata near the 
veins is very characteristic, (Figures 17,90). Most of them are immediately 
on the veins, others are in the leaf tissue near the vein. They may be 
located deep within the tissue or may originate merely subepidermally. 


ULEopoTHIS Theiss. and Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 13:305, 1915. 


7. ULEODOTHIS PASPALI Stevens n. sp. 
[Figures 20 to 23.] 

Stromata occupying the whole region between the upper and lower 
epidermis, eventually erumpent, pseudo-parenchymatic. No clypeus on 
either surface. Perithecia 1 to 30 ina group on a single stroma, epiphyllous. 
Locules small, 62 to 108u in diameter, round or somewhat flattened, ostio- 
late, often somewhat rostrate. Asci numerous, 8-spored, linear, 60 to 72 
x 7u, inordinate. Paraphyses filiform, equalling the asci in length. Spores 
14 to 18 x 3.5y, fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline, guttulate. 

On Paspalum conjugatum. 

British Guiana: Coverden, August 8, 1922, 759. 

The stromata are very characteristic, separating this from Phyllachora 
on the stroma character alone, consisting of compact masses of smoky 
pseudoparenchyma filling the space between the two leaf surfaces. (Figure 
20.) On the upper surfaces of these, but subepidermal, develop the locular 
portions, eventually becoming erumpent and usually very numerous on 
each stroma. The absence of a clypeus is also distinctive. While the 
locules sometimes have a lining consisting of one or two rows of cells darker 
than the remainder of the stroma such a lining is not always present and I 
regard the fungus in the summation of its characters as Dothideaceous 
rather than Sphaeriaceous. It does not agree with any of the three species, 
all South American, given by Theissen and Sydow. 


ACHORELIA Theiss. and Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 13:340, 1915. 


8. ACHORELLA GUIANENSIS Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 24 to 27, 91, 92.] 

Stromata scattered over the leaf, numerous, amphigenous. Perithecia 
spherical, in clusters usually from 3 to 8, black, slightly rough.%! Locules 
spherical, 185 to 215y in diameter with no differentiated perithecial wall. 
Asci 8-spored, inordinate, 65 to 72 x 14 to 18y. Paraphyses numerous, 
hyaline, filiform, gelatinous, crooked. Spores oblong, 22 to 29 x 5 to 7y, 
septate, brown, constricted at the septum. 


16 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS {182 


On Mikania sp. (? ) 

British Guiana: Coverden, August 8, 1922, 763 (type); 
Wismar, July 14, 1922, 294; Rockstone, July 16, 1922, 438 ; 
Kartabo, July 22, 1922, 563. 

The general characters of this fungus are Dothideaceous and it agrees 
well with Achorella. The hypostroma is Dothideaceous in character and 
often the stroma is so too, the perithecia touching each other and fusing 
(Figure 24), thus the locules with undifferentiated walls appear in a stroma. 
In other instances spherical perithecia develop upon the stroma, only parti- 
cally or not at all attached to their neighbors. In such cases the fungus ap- 
pears to be Sphaeriaceous rather than Dothideaceous and it clearly rep- 
resents a border-line form between two groups. 


PHYLLACHORACEAE 


SCIRRHIINEAE 
AntsocHora Theiss. and Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 13:406, 1915. 


9. ANISOCHORA TABEBUIAE Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 28 to 31, 94.] 


Spot large, 7 cm. or more, portion between veins pale yellow to brown. 
Stromata on the veins, strongly developed epiphyllous, very slightly 
hypophyllous, black, 0.7 to 2 mm. wide, of indeterminate length, frequently 
7 cm. or more, rarely spreading over the leaf surface as a flat crust. Stro- 
mata developing as a thick (about 200 to 450) cushion of vertical, parallel 
(palisade-like) hyphae between the epidermis and the palisade tissue, 
covered by a black, epidermal clypeus. Phloem browned, due to mycelial 
invasion. Locules few, 1 to 4 in cross section of a stroma, subglobose, 
275 to 460p broad, about 310u deep, ostiolate. Asci 8-spored, uniseriate or 
inordinate, 90 x 10 to 11u. Spores 11 to 13 x 5.5 to 7y, hyaline, unequally 
1-septate, lower cell very small. Paraphyses few. 

On Tabebuia sp. 

Trinidad: St. Augustine, August 13, 1922, 847. 

The stromata upon the veins form a very distinctive feature (Figure 94) 
and from their nature indicate the migration of the fungus through the 
veins which is also substantiated by the evidence of phloem infection 
found in cross sections. In some instances there are breaks, sometimes a 
centimeter long, in a stroma, though there are evidences in the color of the 
vein that it is diseased in the non-stromatic portion. The palisade stroma 
is nearly colorless and consists of very thin walled cells of remarkable thick- 
ness (about 18), (Figures 28 to 30). On the hypophyllous side of a vein 
there is a slight development of palisade stroma similar to that on the upper 


183] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 17 


side, but much less extensive and with but scant clypeus. Irregular locules 
occasionally develop bearing no asci, but numerous filamentous bodies, 
Septoria-like, which appear to be conidia. Only one species of Anisochora is 
given by Theissen and Sydow and that on Ficus. My species differs essen- 
tially from that and is on a very different host family. 


SCOLECODOTHOPSIS Stevens n. gen. 


Stromata in the leaf mesophyll, without clypeus, not prosenchymatic. 
Perithecia dothideaceous, isolated, deeply immersed and remaining so, 
opening by an ostiole to the surface. Ascospores filiform. 


10. SCOLECODOTHOPSIS INGAE Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 32 to 34, 95.] 


Spots large 1 to 3 cm. in diameter, roughly circular, yellow or tan- 
colored, border indefinite, shading into the normal leaf; occupied by nu- 
merous black regions, 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, appearing black from both 
sides of the leaf. Stromata in the mesophyll, dense, hyaline. Locules 1 to 
several in each stroma, about 300u broad and 100u deep. Ostiole protrud- 
ing by a slight, dark papilla, often lateral or oblique. Asci 8-spored, 94 x 
10u. Spores long, filiform, 18 to 60 x 3y, straight or slightly curved, often 
slightly thicker near the middle, several-septate. 

On Inga sp. 

British Guiana: Demerara-Essequibo R. R., July 15, 1922, 406 
(type); Tumatumari, July 8, 1922, 58; Kartabo, July 21, 1922, 510. 

The contents of the cells of the upper epidermis in the region of the 
stromata are blackened and similar blackening appears between the pal- 
isade cells, though without any extensive development of mycelium in this 
region. On the lower surface however the epidermis and adjacent region 
are packed with a dense mycelial development. The taxonomic position 
of this fungus is uncertain. The large stromatic development in the meso- 
phyll with the separate locules appear to warrant its inclusion in the Dothi- 
deales and the absence of a clypeus and of a palisade hyphal arrangement 
would place it here in the Eu-Montagnelleae of Theissen and Sydow. 
This group is on the boundary line between the Dothids and the Sphaer- 
iaceae and distinction between these groups is difficult. 

In the Eu-Montagnelleae the only genus given with filamentous spores 
in Ophiocarpella. Indeed filamentous spores either in the Dothids or in 
the Sphaeriales are rare. Comparison with the specimens of O. tarda,’ as 
well as with the description, show the fungus to be generically quite differ- 
ent. Taking into consideration all of the characters, the fungus appears to 
me to be best placed in the Eu-Montagnelleae as a new genus. 


6 Ellis and Everhart, North American Fungi, no. 1585. 


18 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [184 


PHYLLACHORINEAE 
PHYLLACHORA Nits. 
In Fuckel Symb. Myc., 216, 1869. 


11. PHyYLLACHORA AEGIPHILAE Stevens, n. sp. 
[Figure 35.] 

Spots minute, 1 to 2 mm., consisting of a pale halo around the usually 
solitary stroma. Stromata punctiform, rough and black above; appearing 
only as raised places below, less than 1 mm. in diameter. Clypeus epi- 
phyllous, epidermal. Stroma occupying the whole of the mesophyll with 
a dense pseudo-parenchyma. Locules few, usually 1 to 4, 180 to 216p in 
diameter by 180u deep. Asci 8-spored, 14 x 7.54; paraphyses filiform; 
spores fusiform, hyaline, continuous, 17 to 25 x 4.5 to 5.5y. 

On Aegiphila sp. 

British Guiana: Rockstone, July 17, 1922, 458. 

Five species of Phyllachora are given by Theissen and Sydow as on 
members of the Verbenaceae but all disagree essentially with the one de- 
scribed above. The characteristic features are the epiphyllous, epidermal 
clypeus and the absence of a hypophyllous one. The ostiole develops 
through the clypeus i.e. on the upper surface. 


12. PHYLLACHORA CHAETOCHLOAE Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 36 to 38, 97.] 

Stromata black, shining, conspicuous from above, rarely visible below. 
Arranged in longitudinal groups from 3 to 12 cm. long. Single stromata 
small, punctiform but by coalesence often 1x10mm. in size. Locules num- 
erous, globular (about 125 in diameter) or flattened (310y in diameter, 110 
thick), ostiolate, occupying the palisade region and upper portion of the 
mesophyll. Clypeus on the upper surface thick (45 to 60y), epider- 
mal. Asci 108 x 14, spores inordinate, oblong, continuous, hyaline, 7 x 14 
to 184. Conidia are very commonly produced in young portions of the 
ascigerous stroma, in ostiolate, clypeate, locules like those bearing asci. 
Conidia cylinderical, hyaline, obtuse, straight or slightly crooked, guttulate, 
continuous or 1-septate, 12.5 to 23 x 2 to 3.6u Filiform conidia pro- 
duced as are the cylindrical. Conidia 22 to 29 x in, hyaline, usually flex- 
uose, sometimes straight, usually slightly larger at one end than at the other. 

On Chaetochloa tenax.* 

Trinidad: Cumuto, August 15, 1922, 882. 

No Phyllachora is given as on Chaetochloa by Theissen and Sydow; two 
are given as on Setaria both of which agree reasonably well in spore shape 
and size with our species, but disagree essentially with them in stroma 
characters and conidial forms. 


7 Determined by Mrs. Agnes Chase. 


185] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 19 


13. PHYLLACHORA CONGRUENS Rehm. 


Leaflets Phillip, Bot., 6:2220, 1914. 
On Valota laxa. 
Trinidad: Cumuto, August 16, 1922, 894. 


14. PHYLLACHORA DIMORPHANDRAE Stevens n. sp. 
[Figures 39 to 41, 96] 

Stromata black, shining above, dull below, very irregular in shape, 
2 to 15 mm. across, arched above, the whole mesophyll occupied by a loose 
stroma; clypeus on each surface. Clypeus 18 to 36 u thick, epidermal and 
subepidermal. Locules 30 per stroma, in one row, when young near the 
upper leaf surface, but developing to fill the leaf space and opening hypo- 
phyllous; very large and irregular, 390 to 520 x 179 to 310u. Asci 8-spored, 
115 x 7y, long-stalked. Paraphyses filamentous, gelatinous. Spores uni- 
seriate, hyaline, continuous, oblong, obtuse, 7 to 11 x 5y. 

On Dimorphandra sp. 

British Guiana: Wismar, July 14, 1922, 291; Demerara-Essequibo R. 
R., July 15, 1922, 333 (type); Kartabo, July 22, 1922, 629. 

More than fifty syecies of Phyllachora are listed by Theissen and Sydow 
on the Leguminosae but all of these differ from this species in one or more 
essential characters. 

The mycelium between the two clypei is very fine, hyaline and loosely 
pervades the whole mesophyll region, somewhat darkening the host cells. 
Each locule is lined by a layer of mycelium about 10y thick thus consti- 
tuting a very thin but no less actual perithecial wall (Figure 40). Not- 
withstanding this the fungus is truly Dothideaceous in summation of 
characters. The origin of the locules close to the upper part of the leaf 
seems constant. As they enlarge they soon come to press against the epiphyl- 
lous clypeus and as they mature they develop a beak-like protuberance 
which presses through the mesophyll to the lower clypeus; breaks through 
this and becomes osteolar. 


15. PHYLLACHORA ENGLERI Speg. 
Guaranit. I. No. 267 On Anthurium sp. 
British Guiana: Coverden, August 5, 1922. 
This remarkably beautiful specimen agrees closely with the published 
descriptions. 


16. PHYLLACHORA GUIANENSIS Stevens n. sp. 

Stromata oval, small, about 1 mm. long, scattered, black, shining, 
surrounded by a zone of dead brown tissue forming an oval spot 2 to 4 mm. 
in size. Much more commonly conspicuous above than below. Loculi 
globular, few in each stroma, usually not more than six, located strictly in 


20 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [186 


the mesophyll, 125 to 170u in diameter. Clypeus on both leaf surfaces but 
much more extensive above, about 18 thick. Stroma of the mesophyll 
region of a loose network of mycelium. Asci cylindrical with filiform 
paraphyses. Spores uniseriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, 11 x 3.6p. 
On Paspalum virgatum. 
British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 9, 1922, 32; July 10, 1922, 142: 
Georgetown, Lamada canal, August 2, 1922, 712: Coverden, 
August 4, 1922, 730. 
This Phyllachora is distinguished from P. paspalicola both by its thin 
spore and by the character of its spot. 


17. PHYLLACHORA PASPALICOLA P. Henn. 


Hedw., 48:106, 1908. 

On Paspalum arenarum. 

British Guiana: Rockstone, July 16, 1922, 430. 

On Paspalum conjugatum. 

British Guiana: Rockstone, July 16, 1922, 419. 

The stromata in specimen No. 419 are chiefly on the laminae. 

Four species of Phyllachora are given by Theissen and Sydow as 
occuring on Paspalum viz, P. acuminata Starb., P. infuscans Wint., 
P. paspalicola P. Henn. and P. winkleri Syd. All but the last of these 
were collected in South America. 

Specimen No. 430 agrees closely with P. paspalicola and differs marked- 
ly from each of the others. The stromata occur chiefly on the leaf sheaths, 
not on the blades. 


18. PHYLLACHORA PHASEOLI (P. Henn.) Theiss. and Syd. 


Ann. Myc., 13:507, 1915. 
Physalospora phaseoli P. Henn. Hedw., 43:368, 1904. 
Physalospora atroinquinans Rehm Hedw., 44:5, 1904. 
Hyponectria phaseoli Stev. Bot. Gaz., 70:401, 1920. 
On unknown Legumie. 

British Guiana: Kartabo, July 21, 1922, 517. 


19. PHYLLACHORA TABERNAEMONTANAE Stevens 0. Sp. 
[Figures, 42, 43, 98.] 


Stromata dull black, equally visable above and below, irregular in out- 
line, large, 4 to 10mm., bearing numerous locules apparent externally from 
both above and below as small mounds, occupying the mesophyll with a 
loose, black, net work covered above and below by clypei which extend 
slightly beyond the stroma of the mesophyll. Locules flat, broad, 290 to 
340u, 90 to 110 deep; wall about 70 to 80u thick, black. Asci 8-spored, 90 


187] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 21 


to 97 x 18u; spores inordinate. Paraphyses numerous, filiform, gelatinous. 
Spores continuous, hyaline, 11.14 x 7y, elliptical, obtuse. 
On Tabernaemontana sp. 
British Guiana: Kartabo, July 22, 1922, 564. 


20. PHYLLACHORA TILIAE Stevens n. sp. 
[Figures 44 to 46.] 

Spot irregularly circular, 2 to 10 mm. in diameter, tan-colored, bearing 
numerous, usually 10 to 20, stromata, Stromata epiphyllous, punctiform, 
circular, black, shining, 1mm. in diameter, often coalescing, usually with a 
minute central papilla. Appearing below merely as swollen spots. 
Stromata usually unilocular, in the mesophyll, with thick clypeus above 
and below. Asci 8-spored, 70 to 83 x 7 to 10. Paraphyses numerous, 
gelatinous. Spores 11 to 14 x 4y, hyaline, continuous, oblong. 

On unknown species of the Tiliaceae. 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 12, 1922, 227. 

This differs from P. paraguaza Speg. in having more narrow spores: 
from P. clypeata Theiss. in the character of the clypeus; from P. grewiae in 
both spores and clypeus. 


21. PHYLLACHORA ULEI Wint. 
Grev., 15:90, 1886. 
On Dioscorea sp. 
British Guiana: Coverden, August 5, 1922, 746, and August 8, 1922, 
801: Rockstone, July 17, 1922, 545. 
The last number is on a species of Dioscora different from that of the 
others and the locules are larger and fewer in number. 


22. PHYLLACHORA WISMARENSIS Stevens, n. sp. 
[Figures 47 to 50, 99.] 

Stromata 1 to 3 mm. in diameter, circular or irregular, black, dull, 
raised, chiefly hypophyllous but occasionally showing from both sides of 
the leaf, locules usually 1 to 6 showing externally as slightly raised points; 
occupying the mesophyll and epidermis. Locules 300u or more in diameter. 
Asci 126 to 170x 11 to 14y. Spores 32 to 36 x7 to 8u, hyaline, continuous, 
larger at one end, obtuse, tapering toward small end. Paraphyses numer- 
ous, filiform. Raritka filiform, continuous, hyaline, curved, 14 to 23 x 1p, 
occurring singly on eee within the locules. 

On Ficus sp. 

British Guiana: Demerara-Essequibo R. R., July 15, 1922, 397 (type) 
and 334. 

Eight species of Phyllachora are recorded on Ficus by Theissen and 
Sydow. From P. catervaria (Berk.) Sacc. ours differs in size and location 
of stromata also essentially in shape and size of spores; from P. pseudes 
Rehm. in shape and size of spores; from P. effigurata Syd., a Brazilian 


22 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS {188 


species, in the arrangement of the stromata and shape and size of spores; 
from P. vinosa Speg. from Brazil, in shape and size of spores; from P. 
ficicola All. and Henn. also Brazilian, in stroma characters and in spore 
shape and size; from P. as pideoides Sacc. and Berl. from Brazil, in stroma 
and spore size and shape; from P. amaniensis P. Henn. in spore size and 
shape; from P. devriesei Koord in stroma and spore size and shape. 

The stromata are scattered over the leaf but are more common near 
veins though not on veins. The stromatic development is large resulting 
in much thickening in the occupied part such that a leaf normally 230p thick 
is often 700y. (Figure 47) The clypeus covering the loculi is often 80u 
thick. 

The conidial stage falls in the Sphaerioidaceae-Scolecosporae. Spores 
borne in the stromatic locules, and apparently singly on the conidiophores 
would bring it close to Septosporiella. However, spores of Septosporiella 
are colored. 

The following six Phyllachoras are given by number only, with de- 
scriptions, because the host is unknown. It is quite probable that all are 
new species but in the absence of knowledge as to the identity of the host 
it is thought best to publish them thus without names. 


23. PHyLLACHORA No. 1. 
[Figure 51.] 


Spot 3 to 8 mm. in diameter, yellow. Stromata 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, 
black from both leaf surfaces, surrounded by a pale zone about 3mm. wide, 
with a clypeus above and below. Locules 90 to 320u wide, 90 to 180p deep, 
ostiolate, uniseriate, Asci 8-spored, 90 x 7 to 94. Paraphyses filiform, 
hyaline. Spores hyaline, continuous, 11 x 7m, oblong, obtuse. 

On unknown host. . 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 10, 1922, 149: July 9, 1922, 41. 

The host is possibly Anonaceous, if so the species is new. 


24. PHYLLACHORA No. 2. 
[Figures 52 to 54, 100, 102.] 


Stromata epiphyllous, very numerous, punctiform, black, about 1mm. 
in diameter, uniloculate, rarely biloculate, scattered evenly over large 
areas, in the epidermis and palisade region and extending about half 
way into the mesophyll. Clypeus epiphyllous. Locules 185 to 380u wide, 
ostiolate. Paraphyses filamentous, gelatinous, crooked. Asci 8-spored, 
88 x 11 to 14, spores inordinate. Spores continuous, hyaline, oblong, 
obtuse, 7 to 9 x 12 to 18p. Pycnidial cavities similar to the perithecial; 
conidia filiform on linear conidiophores. 

On unknown host. 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 9, 1922, 89. 


189} PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 23 


25. PHYLLACHORA No. 3. 

Spot none, stromata small, punctiform, 1 to 1.54 in diameter, black, 
shining, visible from both sides of the leaf, both surfaces arched, with few 
locules, usually 1 to 4. Clypei on both surfaces very thick and black, 
epidermal and sub-epidermal. Locules 230 to 277» in diameter or by 
coalescence 550u. Asci 8-spored, long, narrow, 80x 5.5u, paraphyses hyaline, 
filiform, crooked, gelatinous; spores uniseriate or inordinate, 11 to 12.5 
x 4 to 5u, continuous, hyaline, oblong. 

On unknown dicotyledonous host. 

British Guiana: Coverden, August 4, 1922, 981. 
Associated with Kusanoopsis Stevens and Weedon.® 


26. PHYLLACHORA No. 4. 
[Figure 101.] 

Spot pale, circular, constituting a zone 1 to 2 mm. wide around each 
stroma. Stromata punctiform, about 1 to 3 mm. in diameter, black, visible 
from both sides of the leaf, uniloculate. Clypeus epidermal, 30 to 46u 
thick on both leaf surfaces. Locules about 300u wide, 154 to 185y deep. 
Asci long, narrow, 68 to 7u. Paraphyses filiform, few. Spores uniseriate, 
hyaline, continuous, ovate, 9 to 11 x 7u. 

On unknown dicotyledonous plant. 

British Guiana: Wismar, July 14, 1922, 276.: Kartabo, July 23,1922, 
618. 
27. PHYLLACHORA No. 5. 
[Figure 55.] 

Spot small, 5 to 8 mm., yellowish. Stromata scattered, visible from 
both sides of the leaf, usually unilocular, rarely bilocular, clypeus above 
and below and frequently extending into the mesophyll to surround the 
locule; about 30u thick, dense, black. Locules globular, 180 x 108u. Asci 
8-spored, long, narrow. Paraphyses filiform, numerous. Spores continuous 
hyaline, oval to elliptical, 11 x 7 to 8y. 

On unknown Legume. 

British Guiana: Coverden, August 8, 1922, 780: Tumatumari, July 
8, 1922, 47: and July 10, 1922, 138. 

The clypeus develops first in the upper and lower epidermis, black 
and dense, then often extends into the mesophyll completely surrounding 
the locule by a black stroma quite like the clypeus, both in thickness and 
character, (Figure 55). 

The fungus is clearly a Phyllachora and the only feature of special 
interest is the manner in which the locule is enveloped. 


8 Stevens, F. L. and Weedon, A. G. Three new microthyriaceaus fungi from South 
America. Mycologia, 15:197, 1923. 


24 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [190 


28. PHYLLACHORA No. 6. 


[Figure 103.] 

Spot pale yellow extending in a 2 to 3 mm. zone around the stromata. 
Stromata dull black, visible from both surfaces, 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, 
flat. Stromata occupying the whole of the mesophyll. Upper and lower 
clypeus epidermal, extending somewhat beyond the stroma of the meso- 
phyll. Locules few, small, 150u in diameter, each with a lining wall about 
15u thick, of character quite distinct from that of the stroma. Asci 8- 
spored, 60 to 65x 7 to 11y. Paraphyses filiform. Spores oval, hyaline, 
obtuse, 18 x 5u, inordinate. 

On unknown host. 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 10, 1922, 139. 


ENDODOTHELLA Theiss. and Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 13:582, 1915. 


29. ENDODOTHELLA ANACARDIACEARUM Stevens N. sp. 


[Figure 56.] 

Stromata scattered between the veins, 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, black 
below, brown above, causing hypertrophy of the leaf, doubling its thickness, 
consisting of a rather close pseudoparenchyma occupying the mesophyll 
throughout its thickness and with thin clypei above and below extending 
slightly beyond the stroma. Locules many, irregularly placed, subglobose, 
50 to 215u broad, 140 to 300u deep. Asci 8-spored, 83 to 90 x 7p. Para- 
physes filiform, crooked, gelatinous. Spores 1-septate, 11 to 14 x 3.6y. 

On unknown species of the Anacardiaceae. 

British Guiana: Demerara-Essequibo R. R., July 15, 1922, 353: Tu- 
matumari, July 8, 1922, 973. 

The stromata develop very irregularly, deforming all tissues and pro- 

ducing the greatest hypertrophy below. (Figure 56). 


30. ENDODOTHELLA TAPIRAE Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 57 to 59] 

Stromata scattered, circular, about 1 mm. in diameter, showing black 
from one or both leaf surfaces; surrounded by a pale zone about 1 mm. in 
width. Stromata often raised to double the thickness of the leaf; located 
in the mesophyll, consisting of a rather compact, black, pseudoparenchyma 
with clypei on one or both surfaces; paraphyses many, filiform. Asci long, 
narrow, 83 x 7u, 8-spored. Spores 11 x 3.5u, ovate, 2-celled. 

On Tapira sp. 

British Guiana: Kartabo, July 22,1922, 525. Specimen in packet filed 
under Myriangenella tapirae Stevens & Weedon. 

The fungus is a typical Phyllachora except that the spores are two- 
celled. The stromata are quite uniform in size and in all sections studied 
showed either three locules on one side of a leaf, (Figure 57) or 3 on each, 


191] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 25 


side (Figure 58). The spot surrounding the stroma is also uniform and since 
no mycelium could be found outside of the stroma it is probably due to 
chemical rather than mycelial invasion. The specimens bear also a 
Myrianginella. 


MONTAGNELLACEAE 
EU-MONTAGNELLEAE 
HaApLoTHectiumM Theiss. and Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 13:614, 1915. 


31. HAPLOTHECIUM GUIANENSE Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 60 to 62, 104.] 


Stromata 1 to 2 mm. in diameter showing from above and below, black, 
subcircular, surrounded by a very narrow (0.5 mm.) brown line, this by a 
zone 1 to 2 mm. wide that is pink to rose which gradually shades off into 
healthy tissue. Stroma occupying the whole mesophyll, consisting of a 
very loosely woven mycelial network with a black clypeus in both upper 
and lower epidermis. Locules globular to pyriform, ostiolate, in two rows 
opening through the upper and lower epidermis, 170 to 260p. in diameter. 
Asci 8-spored, 100 x 18, uniseriate or inordinate. Paraphyses filiform, 
gelatinous. Spores oval, 12 x 7u, hyaline, continuous. 

On unknown lactiferous dicotyledonous leaf (Simarubaceae?). 

British Guiana: Demerara-Essequibo R. R., July 15, 1922, 3706. 

The stroma in the mesophyll consists only of a very loose hyphal net- 
work mainly occupying the intercellular spaces. In the palisade region 
the mycelium presses between the cells and kills them but no compact 
stroma develops. The epidermal cells, however, are compactly filled with 
mycelium thus forming a clypeus. 

The loose hyphal character of the stroma clearly shows relationship to 
the Montagnelleae in which the fungus would fall in the section Eu- 
montagnellaceae and in the genus Haplothecium Th. and Syd. where it 
would certainly be placed were it not for the presence of an epidermal 
clypeus. This clypeus would indicate that it should be placed in the Phyl- 
lachoraceae where it could only fall in the genus Phyllachora. Since the 
fungus all in all agrees more closely with Haplothecium than Phyllachora 
I place it as above indicated. 


HEMISPHAERIACEAE 
Gymnopeltineae Stevens and Guba mss.? 
GYMNOPELTIS Stevens n. gen. 
Ascoma like the Thrausmatopeltineae but red and with asci solitary, 
scattered: spores unequally 2-celled, hyaline. 


9 Publications of the Bishop Museum, zm press. 


26 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [192 


32. GYMNOPELTIS TRINIDADENSIS Stevens n. sp. 
[Figures 63 to 65.] 

No free mycelium. Ascomata superficial, scattered, punctiform, red, 380 
to 460u in diameter, thin, flat. Asci solitary, scattered, naked, subglobular, 
8-spored, 22 to 25 x 18y, stipitate. Spores hyaline, unequally 2-celled, 
11 x 3.5, large at one end tapering to the other end, obtuse. 

On Mauritia. 

Trinidad: Cumuto, August 16, 1922, 979. 

This fungus in its flat, non-radiate ascoma shows closest kin-ship to 
the Thrausmatopeltineae from which it is separated by the scattered, 
naked asci, a combination of characters that led Stevens and Guba to 
erect the group Gymnopeltineae to which the present fungus clearly be- 
longs, though it differs in many ways from the genus, Hexagonella, the 
only other known member. 


PERISPORIACEAE 
Key to genera involved. 
Perithecium and mycelium superficial, mycelium without hyphopodia. 
Setae present. 
Perithecial setae simple 


Spores: byalimes se o0we 2 ae ee iy, eee Dimeriella_ p. 26 
Spores brown: 2a0'. 2 208 ee ee ae 
Pepelled 2 Say. Fo Ra an are ee 
Mparaphysate:,. hae afew ir ded As Phaeodimeriella p. 27 
Paraphiysdte: i. Ate lesa wee Meliolinopsis p. 27 
aom-cellede ator fiak at lal Sey Hyalomeliolina p. 27 
Perithecial’setae forked’ uy) ills eles) ANS Oplothecium p. 28 
Setae absent or atypical 
Perithecwmiml, seteges «Wis ade Tk. veto: Haraea p. 29 
Perithecium smooth, spores brown, 2-celled 
Peritheciuiiwedtew eta wlio a oie Parodiopsis p. 29 
Perithecium blacks: a5) eee aces es Dimerium p. 31 
Peritheciuni yellomy.::. Hedy asics ied Mieke Mycophaga p. 31 
Perisporiacese aimiperteetinien Yi), J lo ae ae Pycnodothis p. 32 


DIMERIELLA Speg. 

Fung. aliquot Paulistani p. 12 in Revista del Museo de La Plata 15: 

1908. 
33. DIMERIELLA ERIGERONICOLA Stevens. 
Ill. Acad. Science 10:166 to 167, 1917. 
On Erigeren bonariensis. 
British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 11, 1922, 204. 

This fungus agrees with Dimeriella erigeronicola found by Stevens in 

Porto Rico. 


193] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 27 


33a. DIMERIELLA CORDIAE (P. Henn.) Theiss. 


Zur Revision der Gattung Dimerosporium, in Bot. Cent. Beihefte 29:67. 
1912. 
Dimerosporium cordiae P. Henn. Fungi. S. Paulenses IV. in Hedw., 
48 :4,1908. 
On Cordia sp. 
Trinidad; Port of Spain, Aug. 14, 1922, 863: St. Augustine, Aug. 
13, 1922, 824: St. Clair, Aug. 15, 1922, 892. 


PHAEODIMERIELLA Speg. 
Fungi aliquot Paulistani. 


34. PHAEODIMERIELLA ASTERINARUM (Speg.) Theiss. 


Dimerosporium asterinarum Speg. F. Puigg., n. 216. 
On unknown species of the Microthyriaceae, on unknown member of 
the Anonaceae. 
British Guiana: Rockstone, July 16, 1922, 421. 


MELIOLINOPSIs Stevens n. gen. 
Perisporiaceous, like Meliolina except that the spores are 1-septate, 


35. MELIOLINOPSIS PALMICOLA Stevens n. sp. 
[Figures. 66, 67.] 

Mycelium amphigenous, superficial, aggregated in dense clumps around 
the perithecia and spreading in a loose network over the surrounding leaf 
surface; black in mass; single strands pale yellow by transmitted light, 
slightly crooked, non-hypophodiate. Perithecia in groups in the centers 
of the colonies, smooth, globose, non-ostiolate, about 275u in diameter. 
Setae simple, black, crooked, almost uncinate, obtuse, very numerous 
around the perithecium, thicker and darker than the mycelium, 200 to 
300 long, 4u thick. Asci not evanescent, usually 4-spored, surrounded 
by very numerous gelatinous, hyaline, filiform paraphyses which are 
crooked and longer than the asci. Spores dark brown, 2-celled, obtuse, 
strongly constricted, surrounded by a thin hyaline, gelatinous sheath, 
40 to 65 x 20 to 25un. 

On Baciris sp. 

Trinidad: Cumuto, August 16, 1922, 1000. 

This species agrees with Meliolina except for its 1-septate spores and 
for the very numerous gelatinous paraphyses. The spores in shape strongly 
resemble those of Meliolina guaianensis and these two forms together 
constitute interesting links connecting this one-septate Meliolinopsis with 
the genus Meliola. 


HYALOMELIOLINA Stevens n. gen. 


Persporiaceous, perithecial setae long, simple, mycelium-like; asci 
persistent; spores 3 to 5-septate, brown, end cells pale to hyaline. 


28 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS {194 


36. HYALOMELIOLINA GUIANENSIS Stevens n. Sp. 


[Figures 68 to 70, 105, 107.] 

Colonies superficial, black, circular, 2 to 4 mm. in diameter, amphi- 
genous but mostly hypophyllous. Mycelium black, smooth, non-hypho- 
podiate, uniform in diameter, 4u, slightly crooked, very sparsely, branched. 
Perithecia few to many in each colony, buried in the mycelial tangle, 
globose, black, 180 to 216 in diameter, slightly rough: bearing many black, 
simple setae, often over 1000y long, mycelium-like. Paraphyses numerous, 
filiform, gelatinous. Asci persistent, 94 to 115 x 22 to 25u, 6 to 8-spored. 
Spores inordinate, dark, elliptical-fusiform, 32 to 43 x 9 to 11p, unequally 
3-septate (sometimes 5-septate), strongly constricted at the central septum. 
Two end cells very small and much lighter in color than the others. Two- 
celled when young. 

On Licania (?). 
eq British Guiana: Rockstone, July 17, 1922, 454 (type); Kartabo, July 

24,1922, 665. 

& The mycelium forms a densely wooly colony and its filaments show a 
tendency to twist together in a ropy fashion that is quite characteristic. 
(Figure 69, 106). The spores with the strong constriction at the middle and 
with the two end cells small and pale are quite distinctive. In general 
appearance the fungus shows relationship with the genus Meliolina; in 
the abundant, black superficial mycelium without hyphopodia, and in the 
possession of setae. It differs from members of that genus in that its 
spores are not like typical Meliola spores but have the terminal cells pale 
to hyaline. 


OPLOTHECIUM Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 21: 97, 1923. 


37. OPLOTHECIUM PALMAE Stevens N. sp. 


Fungus superficial, hypophyllous. Perithecia globular, sometimes tur- 
binate, about 50 to 60u in diameter. Perithecial setae 1-11 per perithecium, 
short, about 11 long, ending with 3-4 spikes each about 8u long. Asci 
many with numerous filiform, hyaline paraphyses, about 18 x 3.6m, con- 
taining 16 hyaline, single-celled, ovate spores. Mycelium very fine, form- 
ing a tangled net-work. 

On Palm. 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 11, 1922, 134. 

This exceedingly interesting fungus appears to agree closely with the 
descriptions and figures of Sydow drawn from material collected in the 
Philippine Islands with the exceptions that no mycelial setae are observed 
on our specimens while described as copious on Sydow’s specimen. The 
perithecial setae on our material are somewhat shorter, liu as against 
10 to 18, and their branches are also shorter, Su as against 1010 18. Sydow 


195] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 29 


states that the fungus is questionably capnodiaceous; it appears, however, 
to me to be perisporiaceous, and I so place it. 
HARAEA Sacc and Syd. 
Ann. Myc., 11:312, 1913. 


38. HARAEA MAURITIAE Stevens n. sp. 
[Figures 71-76] 

Mycelium superficial, smooth, brown, 3.5u thick, freely anastomosing, 
bearing pseudohyphopodia either axillary to the branches or laterally. 
Perithecia globose, densely setose, astomate, 123 to 154 in diameter. Per- 
ithecial setae 54 to 154y long, otuse, tapering, 74 thick at the base, 3u at 
apex. Asci92 to 123, ovate, stipitate. Spores 50 to 61 x10 to 11y, hyaline 
and 1-septate when young, constricted and readily separating, cylindrical, 
straight or slightly curved, ends rounded, usually slightly unequally di- 
vided, 3-septate and brown when mature. 

On Mauritia sp. 

Trinidad: Guanapo, August 16, 1922, 908. 

The pseudohyphopodia are peculiar consisting of a stalk cell either 
short (to sessile) or long (10-25) and a head usually about 27x14y consist- 
ing of a tangle of cells (Figure 76). The function of these is unknown. 

PaRoDIoPsis Maub. 

Bul. Soc. Myc. de France, 31:3, 1915. 

This genus was established on the species Parodiella melioloides Wint. 
because this species possesses an abundant superficial mycelium which 
properly is not found in Parodiella. The genus is regarded by Theissen 
and Sydow’? (1917) as belonging to the Perisporiaceae. Arnaud! places 
the genus in his tribe Parodiopsidees in his family Parodiellinacees and 
unites with Parodiopsis the following genera: Chrysomyces Theiss and 
Syd., Schistodes Theiss., Hypoplegma Theiss and Syd. Perisporiopsis P. 
Henn. and Piline Theiss. Theissen and Sydow regard only one species of 
the genus as tenable while Arnaud recognizes five species as well estab- 
lished and six others tentatively so. Three of the tentative species of 
Arnaud have been placed by the other mycologists in other genera viz 
Chrysomyces, Perisporiopsis and Piline. In the following species deter- 
minations the conceptions of Arnaud as to the specific characters and 
limitations are followed. 


39. PARODIOPSIS MELIOLOIDES (Wint.) Arn. 
On Alchornea cordata. 
British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 10,1922, 153; July 8, 1922, 63. 
This specimen agrees perfectly with the original description but the 
perithecia are not found in concentric rows as is so common on many other 
hosts. 


10 Theissen and Sydow I. c. 
4 Arnaud, G., Les Asterinées. T. 2. Ann. des Epiphyties, 7; 1921. 


30 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [196 


On unknown host. 
British Guiana: Demerara-Essiquibo R. R., July 15, 1922, 331. 

The material of this collection is scant but generic agreement seems 
certain. The asci measure 126x43u, spores 32 to 36 x 14 to 15u. The spores 
when mature are dark. Though the spores measure somewhat less than 
as given in the description this collection is provisionally referred to P. 
melioloides. 

40. PARODIOPSIS VIRIDESCENS (Rehm) Arn. 


Notes Myc., p. 23, 1915. 

On Banisteria ciliata. 

British Guiana: Coverden, July 8, 1922, 772. 

Two species of Parodiopsis are listed by Arnaud as on Malpighiaceae. 
Our specimen agrees most nearly with the above named species, which 
was made the type of a new genus, Hypoplegma, by Theissen and Sydow, 
which however is rejected by Arnaud. The type of the species is on an 
undetermined species of the Malpighiaceae collected in Brazil (Ule No. 
1378) with spore measurements given by the author as 35to 40x 10to 11y, 
by Theissen and Sydow as 45-55 x 10-124. The spores of our specimen 
measure 32 to 36 x 11n. 


41. PARopIopPsis INGARUM (P. Henn.) Arn. 
Les Asterinees Ann. d. I’ ecole nat. d. Agr., Montpellier, 1918. 
Parodiella viridescens Rehm. var. ingarum P. Henn. 
On Inga sp. 
British Guiana: Coverden, August 8, 1922, 782, 802. 

Our specimens agree well with the descriptions, especially so as to the 
color of the perithecia and the shape and size of the spores. The species 
of the Inga has not been determined but it is an unusual one with leaflets 
long and narrow, usually about 80 x 13 mm. 

Arnaud mentions the presence of numerous setae resembling in their 
tips geniculate conidiophores though no conidia were found. My speci- 
men shows numerous, erect hyphae also resembling geniculate conidio- 
phores. A Heliminthosporium parasitic on the Parodiopsis is also present 
and is described elsewhere. 

Examination of the microtome sections shows tissue to considerable 
depth under parts of the colonies to be heavily occupied and killed by 
internal mycelium. 

42. PARODIOPSIS sp. ind. 

On Apocynaceae (?). 

Trinidad: Guanapo, August 16, 1922, 976. 

The specimens are clearly of Parodiopsis aspect and bear the perithecia 
in concentric rows but no asci could be found. Large dead spots are pro- 
duced in the leaf. 


197] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 31 


DimeRivm Sacc. and Syd. 
Syll. Fung., 16:410, 190. 


43. DIMERIUM GUIANENSE Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 77, 107] 

Spot irregular in shape showing from both sides of the leaf, to several 
millimeters in diameter, dead, brown or ashen as seen from above. Superfi- 
cial mycelium pale straw colored, non-hyphopodiate, non-setose, hypophyl- 
lous, abundant. Colonies yellow when young black when old. Perithecia 
superficial, globular, black, 105 to 185y in diameter, smooth, surface cells 
agglutinated. 

Asci 4-spored, clavate, hyaline, thick walled, 120 x 36u, evanescent, 
several in each perithecium, imbedded in a matrix composed of tangled, 
gelatinous, crooked, filiform paraphyses. Spores yellow to dark brown, 
long pyriform to elliptical, usually tapering toward one end, 1 to 2 septate, 
36to 50 x 14 to 18, often truncate at one end. 

On unknown rosaceous host. 

British Guiana: Kartabo, July 24, 1922, 656. 

According to the key of Theissen and Sydow” this would fall in the 
genus Dimerium if the spores be regarded as 2-celled; in Perisporina if 
three-celled but it would be excluded from Perisporina by the absence of 
mycelial setae also by the presence of paraphyses. It shows many similar- 
ities with Perisporiopsis P. Henn. as figured by Arnaud" but differs from 
that genus in possessing no mycelial setae or paraphyses. Though the 
spores are frequently 2-septate, I place the present species in the genus 
Dimerium as an abberant form. 


MycopHaGa Stevens n. gen. 


Fungus superficial, perisporiaceous, non-hypopodiate, no setae on 
mycelium or perithecium; spores hyaline, 3-septate. 


44. MYCOPHAGA GUIANENSIS Stevens n. sp. 


Mycelium non-hyphopodiate, honey-yellow, forming a tangled net- 
work. Perithecia globular, non-ostiolate, 123 to138u, no appendages, smooth. 
Asci 61 to 72 x 18u, conglobate; no paraphyses; spores 3-septate, hyaline, 
32 to 40x3.5u, obtuse, slightly thicker at one end and tapering gradually. 

Growing as a parasite on an undetermined, hyphopodiate mycelium 
on Anacardium (cashew). 

British Guiana: Rockstone, July 13, 1922, 253; Tumtumari, July 8, 
1922, 65. 

This fungus in general characters is close to Perisporina from which it 
differs in spore color, septation and in mycelium. If regarded as being 

2 Theissen and Sydow lI. c. 


3 Armaud, G. Les Asterinées. Ann. de !’Ecole nat. d’Agric. de. Montpellier. N. S. T., 
16:1918. 


32 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MON: OGRAPH R) [198 


of the Capnodiaceae it would be near Limacinia from which it differs 
essentially in the character of its mycelium. 


PERISPORIACEAE IMPERFECTI 
PYCNODOTHIS Stevens n. gen. 


Fungus superficial, penetrating the epidermis by haustoria. Pycnidia 
in stromata. Spores colored, 1-celled. Like Haplosporella Speg. but super- 
ficial. 

45. PYCNODOTHIS TETRACERAE Stevens N. sp. 
[Figures 78, 79, 108] 

Stromata superficial, hypophyllous, surrounded by, a scant superficial 
mycelium. Stromata about 2 mm. in diameter, circular, flat, about 35y 
thick, usually bearing the pycnidia in a circle around a sterile center. 
Pycnidia 30 to 40 or more on one stroma, black, globose, smooth, astomate, 
about 90 to 108u in diameter, wall 18u thick. Spores ovate, honey-yellow, 
continuous, 7 to 10 x 2y. 

On Tetracera sp. 

British Guiana: Demerara-Essequibo R. R., July 15, 1922, 408. 

In its strictly superficial habit with small haustoria like those of Meliola, 
and spherical pycnidia with no ostioles this fungus has a typically peris- 
poriaceous aspect and it doubtless is an imperfect form of such. 


CAPNODIACEAE 
POLYSTOMELLOPSIS Stevens, n. gen. 


Mycelium superficial, yellow, gelatinous. Stromata superficial, non- 
radiate, many-ostiolate, many-loculate, setose. Asci 8-spored. Spores 
dark. 

46. PoLYSTOMELLOPSIS MIRABILIS Stevens Nn. sp. 
' [Figures 80 to 87, 109 to 113] 


Stromata hypophyllous, superficial, irregular-oblong, 120 to 400 x 185 to 
620p across, 65 to 70p thick, bearing numerous setae especially around the 
edges. Setae black, 60 to 184u long, straight or irregular, curved, obtuse. 
Ostioles numerous, 1 to 31, but usually about 10, about 2¢ in diameter. 
Locules many, separated by a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored. Paraphy- 
ses filamentous, thin, irregular, gelatinous; spores yellow to brown, oval, 
continuous, later muriform, 18 to 21x 11. Mycelium superficial, yellow to 
brown, non-hyphopodiate; mycelial setae few, black, 80 to 180 long, 7 
to 11y thick at base, irregular in contour. 

On Hirtella sp. 

British Guiana: Kartabo, July 24, 1922, 647 (type); July 21, 1922, 

484; July 23, 1922, 595; Trinidad: Cumuto, August 16, 1922, 943. 
On Coccoloba sp. 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 8, 1922, 40. 


199] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 33 


On unknown host. 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 8, 1922, 45. 

The colonies of this fungus are approximately circular, Fig. 109, the 
mycelium radiating from a central point of origin, which point is usually, 
perhaps always, occupied by a dense aggregate of mycelium (the umbo), 
(Figure 80), appearing somewhat like a stroma but always devoid of cavi- 
ties or spores; though on crushing, the mass is seen to be filled with coarse 
amorphous grains not found elsewhere with the fungus. The mycelium 
reaches out from this point toa distance of 1 to1.5 cm. and consists, near the 
center, of thick ropy strands composed of many agglutinated threads. 
Toward the edge of the colony these strands become smaller, ending in 
single filaments. (Figure 87). In the lacunae between the ropy strands 
many thin branches of this mycelium wander. The mycelium appears of 
somewhat gelatinous texture, particularly evident in the young thin threads 
and where adjacent strands adhere firmly. 

Near the center of a colony are borne from few to several dozen stromata 
as described above. These always arise in the lacunae between the ropy 
strands and are produced by the massing of the fine gelatinous threads. 
The stroma in its very young stages appears to be nearly of its full, mature 
diameter though very thin and almost translucent and when very young 
it shows a full compliment of ostioles. Later development consists chiefly 
in the increase in thickness, color and in the growth of the numerous setae, 
together with internal development. On crushing the numerous asci and 
spores are found surrounded with quantities of gelatinous paraphyses. 
The central umbo lifts readily from the leaf surface and appears to be not at 
all, or at most very slightly connected with it. Under the umbo there is 
always a nectary gland, strictly circular, brown, about 385y in diameter. 
(Figure 80). Several other species of fungi are found occupying these glands, 
but no other bore spores. It seems probable that the glands serve as 
necessary starting points for the growth of the colony. The same relation 
to glands was noted on the unknown host No. 45, also on the Coccoloba, 
No. 40. 

While the fungus on Coccoloba in the microscopic structure appears 
to be identical with that on other hosts, microscopically it shows some differ- 
ences in that the colonies are very much smaller, usually not more than 
0.5 cm. in diameter and the number of stromata is less. Evidently the 
Coccoloba glands do not afford as good conditions regarding nutriment 
as does Hirtella. This fungus in its perithecium superficially resembles 
the genus Polystomella of Spegazzini but it cannot be regarded as even 
of close kinship with that fungus because its perithecium is not radiate; a 
character which is attributed to Polystomella by all who have worked with 
the genus (cf. Arnaud! Pl. 23 figs. A-K, Theissen,!® Tab. 6 fig. 4, 13.) and 


™“ Arnaud,G. Les Asterinées, Ann. de l’Ecole nat. d’Agric. de Montpellier, 1918. 
% Theissen, F. Uber Polystomella, Microcyclus u. a. Ann. Myc., 12:63, 1914. 


34 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [200 


is made distinctive of the Polystomellaceae by Theissen and Sydow'®. 
Moreover the mode of origin of the perithecium by anastomosis of many 
fine mycelial threads is not characteristic of the Microthyriaceae or of the 
Dothideales. 

The peculiar mycelial characters shown are also characteristic of neither 
of the above named groups. The stromata are Dothideaceous in character 
in that several locules occur in one stroma each locule without a definite 
individual perithecial wall; but the mycelium and the appearance of the 
fungus in general deny relation with the Dothids. 

If uniloculate stroma were present there would be no hesitation in 
placing the fungus in the Capnodiaceae. Pluriloculate stromata in the 
Capnodiaceae seem somewhat anomolous but are not necessarily so. 
While this fungus typically has many locules, instances are seen with 
only one locule. The gelatinous mycelium and the abundant gelatinous 
paraphyses suggest kinship with the Capnodiaceae and it is in this group 
that I place it: 

There is sufficient resemblance between this fungus and Chaetoplaca 
memecycli Syd.17 to make it appear that the two may belong in the same 
family though they clearly do not belong to the same genus owing to the 
well defined locules in my fungus, such locules being absent in Chaetoplaca. 
There are also very essential differences in the spore structure. Sydow in 
his first publication placed his fungus in the Hemisphaeriaceae though 
latter Theissen and Sydow'® suggest that it be regarded as a borderland 
form between the Hemisphaeriaceae and the Discomycetes though they are 
in doubt whether the whole ascogenous layer represents a disc or whether 
the structure should be regarded as representing numerous locules each 
with one ascus. 


CLYPEOSPHAERIACEAE 
STEGASTROMA Sydow. 
Ann. Myc., 14:81, 1916. 


47. STEGASTROMA GUIANENSE Stevens S. Pp. 
[Figures 88, 39] 


Spots small, often on the base of the leaflets, pale yellow, bearing 
several scattered perithecia. Clypeus only in the upper surface, about 30 
to 145y thick and only about 100 to 200y across. Locules 150 to 260yu in di- 
ameter, 170u deep, ostiole through the clypeus, (74). Asci 8-spored, 87 x 
25u. Paraphyses few, filiform. Spores inordinate, pale and continuous 


16 Die Dothideales. Ann. Myc., 13:149, 1915. 

17 Sydow, H. & P. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pilzeflora der Philippinen-Inseln. Ann. 
Myc., 15:232, 1917. 

18 Theissen and Sydow, Syn. Taf. I. c. 


201] PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 35 


when young, 11 to 14 x 7y, black, 1-septate with a pale band across each cell 
when mature. One end slightly larger than the other. 

On a mimosa-like Legume. 

British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 11, 1922, 164. 

The clypeus is strikingly beautiful, being very thick and dark (Fig. 88). 
and very small in diameter. The perithecial wall and lack of stroma deny 
relationship with the Dothideales and clearly establish relationship with 
the Clypeosphaeriaceae and apparently with the genus above named in 
which there was only one species viz. S. theisseni Syd. on Pithecolobium 
from which ours differs in ostiole, paraphyses, and spore shape. 


ANTHOSTOMELLA Sacc. 
Consp. Gen Pyren, Ital. System etc. Atti Soc. Ven. Trent, in Padova, 
4:1, 1875. 


48. ANTHOSTOMELLA RHIZOMORPHAE (Kunze) B. and V. 


On Rhizophora mangle. 
British Guiana: Kartabo, July 25, 1922, 643. 
This fungus was originally described as on coriaceous leaves collected 
in Suriname and has since been collected by the writer in Porto Rico.!9 


49. ANTHOSTOMELLA CECROPIAE (Rehm ) v. Héhn 
Ann. Myc. 13:300, 1915. 
Auerswaldia cecropiae P. Henn. Hedw., 23:253, 1904. 
Physalospora cecropiae Rehm, Hedw., 40:112, 1901. 
On Cecropia sps. 
British Guiana: Tumatumari, July 12, 1922, 223; Demerara-Esse- 
quibo R. R., July 15, 1922. 397, 403, 118. 


1° Bot. Gaz., 70. 399, 1920. 


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203] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE I 


37 


38 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 


Pe 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [204 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES 
PLATE I 


Figs. 1-4 Hysterostromina palmae. 

Two perithecia in section showing location and relation to the tissues. 
Edge of a perithecium showing radiate character and absence of free mycelium. 
Edge of perithecium showing more detail, also 3-ascospores. 
Two asci with spores. 

Figs. 5, 6 Coccostromopsis palmigena. 
A stroma in section showing locules and central attachment. 
An ascus with spores. 

Figs. 7-14 Nowellia guianensis. 

Drawing of a stroma in section showing foot and two locules. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


\ 


\ 
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| | i \ any Let Mi 


(Le 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PEATE: i 


we i Ww 


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205] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE II 


39 


Fig. 


Be (3 


18. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [206 


PLATE II 


Drawing of an ascus and spores. 
Two spores showing the gelatinous envelope. 
Edge of colony showing irregular radiation and erose margin. 
Detail of cell structure of foot and adjacent stroma. 
Detail of covering of the loculi showing dark, thick-walled outer layer and pale 
hymenial layer. 
Diagram showing three stromata close together. 
Diagram showing two stromata fused. 
Figs. 15, 16 Leveillinopsis palmicola 
Section of a stroma showing its superficial character. 
An ascus and spores. 
Figs. 17-19 Amerodothis guianensis. 
Diagram of stromata in section showing the locules and the variation in the posi- 
tion of the stromata. 
An ascus and spores. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE, It 


207] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE III 


41 


Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


19, 


20. 


21. 
22. 
23. 


24. 
2S. 
26. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [208 


PLATE III 

Spores. 

Figs. 20-23 Uleodothis paspali. 
Section of a stroma showing four locules and the irregular stroma extending to the 

lower epidermis. 

Section of a uniloculate stroma. 
An ascus. 
Ascospores. 

Figs. 24-27 Achorella guianensis. 
Diagram to show the relation of the locules to the stroma and the hypostroma. 
A locule in stromatic tissue showing the dothideoid character. 
Detail of hypostroma as it occurs in the mesophyll. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VHLII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE III 


209) PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE IV 


dt 


Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


27. 
28. 


ih 
30. 
31. 


32. 
S36 
34. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS {210 


PLATE IV 


An ascus, paraphyses and spores. 
Figs. 28-31 Anisochora tabebuiae. 
Cross section of a leaf showing palisade stroma, epidermal clypeus, infected phloem, 
a locule with ostiole. 
Diagram of a section of a stroma showing three locules. 
Detail of a portion of stroma and clypeus showing the hyphal nature of the stroma. 
An ascus with spores, and a single spore. 
Figs. 32-34 Scolecodothopsis ingae. 
Section of a stroma showing three locules with asci. 
An ascus with spores. 
Three spores showing shape and septation. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


FAL OS 
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STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE IV 


211) 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE V 


45 


46 


Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


33. 


36. 
Sle 
38. 


39. 
40. 
41. 


42. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 


PLATE V 


Phyllachora aegiphilae. An ascus with spores, also three spores. 
Figs. 36-38 Phyllachora chaetochloae. 
An ascus with spores and paraphyses. 
Filiform conidia. 
Five of the oblong conidia. 
Figs. 39-41 Phyllachora dimorphandrae. 


Diagrammatic drawing to show position and shape of locules in the stroma. 


Detail of a portion of a locule showing the lining membrane. 
Ascus and spores. 

Figs. 42-43 Phyllachora tabernaemontanae 
Diagram showing position of the locules in the leaf. 


43, 43a. Asci paraphyses and spores. 


[212 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE V 


213] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE VI 


47 


48 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


44, 
45. 
46. 


47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 
51. 


52. 
53. 
54. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 


PLATE VI 


Figs. 44-46 Phyllachora tiliae. 
A stroma with two locules. 
An ascus with spores. 
Two spores. 
Figs. 47-50 Phyllachora wismarensts. 
A stroma showing three locules. 
An ascus and spores. 
Two spores. 
Filiform conidia. 
Phyllachora No. 1, Diagram of stroma and locules. 
Figs. 52-54 Phyllachora No. 2. 
A perithecium showing clypeus. 
A pycnidium showing conidia. 
A stroma with two locules. 


[214 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


C 


ML, 
: NZ Mt 
ma 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE VI 


215) 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE VII 


49 


Fig. 55. 
Fig. 56. 
Fig. 57. 
Fig. 58. 
Fig. 59. 
Fig. 60. 


Fig. 61. 
Fig. 62. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [216 


PLATE VII 


Phyllachora No.5, Stroma in section showing the upper and lower clypeus and the 
way it envelops the locule. 
Endodothella anacardiacearum. Section of stroma showing position of the locules. 
Figs. 57-59 Endodothella tapirae. 
A stroma occupying one side of the leaf only. 
A stroma occupying both sides of the leaf with much increase in thickness. 
Detail of a portion of the stroma shown in fig. 58 showing character of the stroma 
and deformation of the host tissue. 
Figs. 60-62 Haplothecium guianense. 
Section of a stroma showing six locules, the upper and lower clypeus, the diseased 
palisade cells and the position of the loose stroma in the mesophyll. 
An ascus. 
Spores. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


4S 

Bee 

Seseey 
9, 


PX 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE VII 


217) 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE VIII 


51 


52 


. 63. 
. 64, 
. 65. 


. 66. 
~ Ol. 


. 68. 
. 69. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 


PLATE VIII 
Figs. 63-65 Gymnopeltis trinidadensis. 


An ascoma on the leaf surface showing scattered naked asci. 


Three asci. 
Two asco-spores. 
Figs. 66-67 Meliolinopsis palmicola. 

A bit of mycelium; a setum and tip of a setum. 
A spore. 

Figs. 68-70 Hyalomeliolina guianensis. 
A perithecium in section. 
Mycelium showing the tendency to mass together in ropes. 


[218. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE VIII 


219] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE IX 


53 


Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 


PLATE IX 


Spores showing septation and germination. 
Figs. 71-76 Haraea mauritiae. 

A perithecium with setae, 
An ascus with spores. 
Two spores; 1-septate and 2-septate. 
Perithecial setae. 
Mycelium. 
Three pseudohyphopodia. 
Dimerium guianense. Three spores. 

Figs. 78-79 Pycnodothis tetracerae. 
A stroma showing locules. 
Diagram showing position of the locules in a stroma. 


[220 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


PAO, 


es 


ry 
a) 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE Ix 


221] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE X 


55 


96 


Fig. 80. 


Fig. 81. 
Fig. 82. 
Fig. 83. 
Fig. 84. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [222 


PLATE X 


Figs. 80-87 Polystomellopsis mirabilis. 
Section of a nectary gland showing the umbo resting on it. The black represents 
the region occupied by the fungus. 
Sections of stromata showing dark cover, setae, locules resting in a gelatinous matrix. 
Detail of ostiole and mesh of surface cover showing that it is non-radiate. 
Diagram of a stroma viewed from above showing mycelium, setae and ostioles. 
Two perithecial setae. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI | PLATE X 


223) 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XI 


57 


58 


Fig. 85. 
Fig. 86. 
Fig. 87. 
Fig. 88. 


Fig. 89. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [224 


PLATE XI 


Setae showing attachment to mycelium. 
Spores. 
Mycelial ropes, also mycelium in less dense aggregations. 
Figs. 88-89 Stegastroma guianense. 
Section of two perithecia showing the cavity, the epiphyllous clypeus and the per- 
ithecial wall. 
A spore. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE XI 


225) 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XII 


59 


60 ILLINOIS -BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [226 


PLATE XII 


Fig. 90. Amerodothis guianensis. Photograph of a leaf spot from above, enlarged showing 
stromata on the veins. 
Figs. 91-92 Achorella guianensis. 
Fig. 91. Photograph of a leaf showing numerous groups of perithecia. Actual length of leaf 
as shown 21 cm. 
Fig. 92. Photograph of groups of perithecia on a stroma. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE XII 


227] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XIII 


61 


62 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [228 


PLATE XIII 


Fig. 93. Nowellia guianensis. Photograph of a leaf showing general distribution and ap- 
pearance of the stromata. Actual length of leaf as shown 9.5 cm. 

Fig. 94. Anisochora tabebuiae. Photograph of a leaf showing two spots and the stromata 
following the veins. Actual length of leaf as shown 15 cm. 

Fig. 95. Scolecodothopsis ingae. Photograph showing spots and stromata. Actual size 
of leaf as shown 17.8 cm. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE, XU 


229) PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XIV 


64: ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS (230 


PLATE XIV 


Fig. 96. Phyllachora dimorphandrae. Photograph of a leaflet showing stromata and leaf 
shape. Actual length of leaflet as shown 28 cm. 

Fig. 97. Phyllachora chaetochloae. Photograph showing stromata. 

Fig. 98. Phyllachora tabernaemontanae. A leaf showing stromata. Actual length of leaf as 


shown 20.3 cm. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE XIV 


231): 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XV 


65 


66 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [232 


PLATE XV 


Fig. 99. Phyllachora wismarensis. Photograph of leaf showing stromata. Actual length of 


leaf as shown 17.6 cm. 
Fig. 100. Phyllachora No. 2. Photograph of leaf showing stromata. Actual length of 


leaf as shown 30.5 cm. 


VOLUME VIII 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 


PLATE XV 


PARASITIC FUNGI 


STEVENS 


233} 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XVI 


67 


68 ILLINOIS -BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [234 


PLATE XVI 


Fig. 101. Phyllachora No. 4. Photograph of leaves showing character of the spot, stromata 
and of the host. Actual length of stem as shown 9. cm. 

Fig. 102. A portion of the leaf shown in fig. 100 enlarged to show the stromata. 

Fig. 103. Phyllachora No. 6 showing stromata and host. Actual length of stem shown 9 
cm. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PEATE, Vi 


235] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XVII 


69 


70 


Fig. 104. 


Fig. 105. 
Fig. 106. 
Fig. 107. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [236 


PLATE XVII 


Haplothecium guianense. Photograph of leaflet showing stromata, also four 
Meliola colonies. Actual length of leaf as shown 13.3 cm. 
Figs. 105-106 Hyalomeliolina guianensis. 
A leaf showing several colonies. Actual length of leaf 12.3 cm. 
A colony magnified and showing the character of the mycelium. 
Dimerium guianense. Photograph showing colonies. Length of leaf 10.5 cm. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


104 107 105 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE XVII 


237] 


PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XVIII 


71 


72 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [238 


PLATE XVIII 


Figs. 109-113 Polystomellopsis mirabilis. 
Fig. 109. Photograph of a leaf showing colony. 
Fig. 110. Photomicrograph giving a general view of the center of a colony showing the 
central umbo, the radiating ropy mycelium and several stromata. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE XVIII 


SAU Ses 


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PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 


PLATE XIX 


73 


74 


Fig. 111. 
Fig. 112. 
Fig. 113. 
Fig. 108. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS {240 


PLATE XIX 


Photomicrograph of an umbo with radiating mycelium and one young stroma. 
Photomicrograph showing mycelium and several stromata. 

Photomicrograph of a single stroma showing numerous ostioles. 

Pycnodothis tetracerae. Enlarged view of stromata. 


ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME VIII 


108 J) 


STEVENS PARASITIC FUNGI PLATE XIX 


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241) PARASITIC FUNGI—STEVENS 
INDEX TO SPECIES 

Achorella gutanensis.............00-55 15 Parodiopsis melioloides.............-. 29 
Amerodothis guianensis............--. 14 Parodiopsis sp. ind...... Cn rear, 30 
Anisochora tabebuiae..........-...-.. 16 Parodiopsis viridescens.............-. 30 
Anthostomella cecropiae.............-: 35 Phaeodimeriella asterinarum........... 27 
Anthostomella rhizomorphae........... 35 Phyllachora aegiphilae............-... 18 
Bagnisiopsis peribebuyensis........... 13. Phyllachora chaetochloae.............. 18 
Coccostromopsis palmigena..........-. 10 Phyllachora congruens............-... 19 
Dimeriella cordiae.................... 27  Phyllachora dimorphandrae............ 19 
Dimeriella erigeronicola...........-.-. 26 +Phyllachora énglert:...-..2:-252..-...- 19 
Dimerium guianense.............+++ 31 Phyllachora guianensis.............-. 19 
Endodothella anacardiacearum......... 24 Phyllachora Nos. 1-6................ 22-24 
Endodothella tapirae................4- 24 Phyllachora paspalicola............... 20 
Gymnopeltis trinidadensis............. 26 Phyllachora phaseolt.................. 20 
Haplothecium guianense.............- 25 Phyllachora tabernaemontanae.......... 20 
Haraea mauritiae........2-.2.-2 502s 29 sBhyllachora tiliges an: - 2 3 ae 21 
Hyalomeliolina guianensis............. 28 LRENVUGCKONG UCD Vs 2 hina sono nee ae 2k 
Hysterostomina palmae............... 10 Phyllachora wismarensis.............. 21 
Leveillinopsis palmicola.............-. 13. Polystomellopsis mirabilis............. 32 
Meliolinopsis palmicola............... 27  Pycnodothis tetracerae.............-.. 32 
Mycophaga guianensis..............4. 31 Scolecodothopsis ingae................ 17 
Nowellia guianensis........--+-.-+++5 11 Stegastroma guianense................ 34 
Oplothecium palmae.............--+4% 28  Uleodothis paspali............... pte en I 
Parodiopsis ingarum......-....6+000% 30 


76 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 


(242 


INDEX TO HOSTS 


Repiphislat (0 iui to ee cores et ete 18 
Alchornea cordata................-6. 29 
Anacardiaceae............0.ece eens 24 
Anacardyum, .!./5/.050co0e on be ee cane 31 
Anonaceae...... 00... ee cee eee ee ees 27 
Anthurium.) {2.0io. Ganon ce cee sie 19 
INDBOCYNACCHE. 5 cies sscnesiee eee aals Seg 30 
PA CETIS ae sk ee ene eee Roe 27 
Banisteria ciliata.................... 30 
GECKODIA LR vists Hokie rept eee Mees en 35 
Celastraceae............. 20. e eee eee 11 
(Chaetochloa tenax................... 18 
IWOCCOLG DA eet iors ee ae oe erreets 32 
MOEA ee ne eee mie nen 27 
Dimorphandta: 2 ieee os aye te se Soe 19 
PE) IOSCOLEA. Secs oe cuit a se a al 21 
Erigeron bonariensis................. 26 
MIGUIS Hehe eho ee ee ee eee 21 
Tic telat. jciicle ena ee serene Storie eres 32 
| oes ae ee ont, SO AR 17, 30 


Legume. .2....s. hee 20, 23, 35 
Licania: :.../ 5)... 00s a oe 28 
Mauritiay ..\. 0000300. aoe 29 
Melastomataceae................-.-- 13 
Microthyriaceae. 0)... kee eee 27 
Mikania (?)........ a 16 
Pada 6, od ee 10, 11, 13, 28 
Paspalum arenarum................. 20 
Paspalum conjugatum.............. 15, 20 
Paspalum virgatum.........500- ene 20 
Rhizophora mangle.................. 35 
Rosaceae) «oc... 00 s+ he eee 52 
Tabebuia. os.) oe eee 16 
Tabernaemontana..............---- . 20 
Tapia ea bs. eee 24 
TEtraCera. s.cckic oeb cal A ee 32 
MPiliaeeae si. Vo eye oo ee 21 
Unknown host: 0. 2!00>. 2 20.- 22, 23, 24, 25 
Valota laxa, i) 0205.) UE eee 19 


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